RPR-Installation
Installing R and RStudio
Keywords: Notation; installing R and RStudio; project directory; notation
Contents
This unit is under development. There is some contents here but it is incomplete and/or may change significantly: links may lead to nowhere, the contents is likely going to be rearranged, and objectives, deliverables etc. may be incomplete or missing. Do not work with this material until it is updated to "live" status.
Abstract
...
This unit ...
Prerequisites
You need to complete the following units before beginning this one:
Objectives
...
Outcomes
...
Deliverables
- Time management: Before you begin, estimate how long it will take you to complete this unit. Then, record in your course journal: the number of hours you estimated, the number of hours you worked on the unit, and the amount of time that passed between start and completion of this unit.
- Journal: Document your progress in your course journal.
- Insights: If you find something particularly noteworthy about this unit, make a note in your insights! page.
Evaluation
Evaluation: NA
- This unit is not evaluated for course marks.
Contents
Before you begin: Notation and Formatting
In this tutorial, I use specific notation and formatting to mean different things.
If you see footnotes[1], click on the number to read more.
This is normal text for explanations. It is written in a proportionally spaced font.
Code formatting is for code examples, file- and function names, directory paths etc. Code is written in a monospaced font[2].
Bold emphasis and underlining are to mark words as particularly important.
Examples of the right way to do something are highlighted green.
Examples of the wrong way to do something are highlighted red.
Task:
Tasks and exercises are described in boxes with a blue background. You have to do them, they are not optional. If you have problems, you must contact me and not simply continue. All material builds on previous material, therefore you can't skip.
What could possibly go wrong? ... Click to expand.→
These sections have information about issues I encounter more frequently. They are required reading when you need to troubleshoot problems but also give background information that may be useful to avoid problems in the first place.
Click to collapse.↗
"Metasyntactic variables": When I use notation like <Year> in instructions, you type the year, the whole year and nothing but the year (e.g the four digits 2017). You never type the angle brackets! I use the angle brackets only to indicate that you should note type Year literally, but substitute the correct value. You might encounter this notation as <path>, <filename>, <firstname lastname> and similar. To repeat: if I specify
<your name>
... and your name is Elcid Barrett, You type
Elcid Barrett
... and not your name or <Elcid Barret> or similar. (Oh the troubles I've seen ...)
The sample code on this page sometimes copies text from the console, and sometimes shows the actual commands only. The > character at the beginning of the line is always just R's input prompt, it tells you that you can type something now - you never actually type > at the beginning of a line. If you read:
> getwd()
... you need to type:
getwd()
If a line starts with [1] or similar, this is R's output on the console.[3] The # character marks the following text as a comment which is not executed by R. These are lines that you do not type. They are program output, or comments, not commands.
- Characters
- Different characters mean different things for computers, and it is important to call them by their right name.
( )◁ these are parentheses.[ ]◁ these are (square) brackets.< >◁ these are angle brackets.{ }◁ these are (curly) braces."◁ this, and only this is a quotation mark or double quote. All of these are not: “”„«» . They will break your code. Especially the first two are often automatically inserted by MSWord and hard to distinguish.[4]'◁ this, and only this is a single quote. All of these are not: ‘’‚‹› . They will break your code. Especially the first two are often automatically inserted by MSWord and hard to distinguish.
The environment
In this section we discuss how to download and install the software, how to configure an R session and how to work in the R environment.
Files, directories and paths
Task:
Create a folder (directory) on your computer in which to keep materials for this course (or workshop, as the case may be). Put it into the right place, and give it the right name:
- The right place is directly in the
Documentsfolder of your account.
- The right name is simply the
<Coursecode>e.g. for a CBW workshop in 2016, you call the folderCBW, for a BCH441 course, the name should beBCH441.
Do not use spaces, hyphens, or any other special characters in your filename[5].
I will call this the course directory. (I use the words "folder" and "directory" synonymously and completely interchangeably.)
In my experience, it is better to organize file hierarchies wide, not deep. This means I aim to put more things in one folder rather than create elaborate directory structures. I need to look for stuff a lot, and looking more-or-less in the same folder keeps my files more visible. As you will find later, all the R project folders we create will have a common prefix – R_Exercise-..., so they should be easy to recognize and keep organized. So I would keep all material in one course directory, rather than creating subdirectories e.g. for R, exercises, assignments etc. etc.
A filename is a label that identifies a file. Often filenames have two parts: the actual name, and an extension. To specify a file on the computer's command line, or in R, you need to specify its full name including the extension. Now, the problem is that you can switch off viewing extensions in Windows; I'm afraid this is actually done by default. Then all hell breaks lose when you are trying to do "real" work. Files can't be found, or worse, can be inadvertently overwritten. Never allow your operating system to hide file extensions from you. You must be able to see the full name.
A path is the complete specification of where a file is located in the directory tree of your computer. Paths are simply directories strung together into a long string, separated by a forward slash "/" (on Mac or Unix) or a backslash "\" on Windows. Take note! When writing Windows paths in R, you have to use the "wrong" forward slash to specify the path. R will translate Unix-style paths into Windows-style paths automatically - but the backslash would be interpreted as an "escape" character that gives the following character a special meaning.
- Folder name and path examples
- /Users/Pierette/Documents/BCB420 ◁ Looking good on a Mac.
- C:\Users\Pulcinella\Documents\CBW ◁ Looking good on a Windows computer.
- "C:/Users/Pulcinella/Documents/CBW" ◁ Looking good inside R on a Windows computer (note the quotation marks!).
- C:\Users\Pantalone\Documents\JTB2020 (2017) ◁ Wrong. No special characters please.
- /Users/Brighella/Documents/UofT Stuffz/Courses/more/Comp Sys biol. course ◁ Wrong. Please read instructions more carefully.
- C:\Users\Tartaglia\Documents\KUWTK\<Coursecode> ◁ I can't even ...
Install R
Task:
- Navigate to CRAN (the Comprehensive R Archive Network)[6] and follow the link to Download R for your computer's operating system.
- Download a precompiled binary (or "build") of the R "framework" to your computer and follow the instructions for installing it. Make sure that the program is the correct one for your version of your operating system.
- Launch R.
The program should open a window–this window is called the "R console"–and greet you with its input prompt, awaiting your input:
>
Task:
Once you see that R is running correctly, you may quit the program for now.
What could possibly go wrong?...
- I can't install R.
- Make sure that the version you downloaded is the right one for your operating system. Also make sure that you have the necessary permissions on your computer to install new software.
- ↑ ... and when you click on the arrow to the left, this will take you back to where you came from.
- ↑ Proportional fonts are for elegant document layout. Monospaced fonts are needed to properly align characters in columns. For code and sequences, we alway use monospaced font. Code editors always use monospaced fonts, but since I need to eMail a lot of code and sequences, I have also set my eMail client to use monospaced font by default (Courier, or Monaco). I highly encourage you to do the same.
- ↑
[1]means: the following is the first (often only) element of a vector. - ↑ Never, ever edit code in MS Word. Use R or RStudio. Actually, don't use notepad or TextEdit either.
- ↑ After the course, you can rename / move the directory to whatever, wherever you want, but during the course, I need your files in a predictable location to be able to troubleshoot problems.
- ↑ You can also use one of the mirror sites, if CRAN is down - for example the mirror site at the University of Toronto. A choice of mirror sites is listed on the R-project homepage.
