Difference between revisions of "FND-STA-Probability distribution"

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m (Created page with "<div id="BIO"> <div class="b1"> Probability Distribution </div> {{Vspace}} <div class="keywords"> <b>Keywords:</b>  Nature of a probability distribution, integr...")
 
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<div id="ABC">
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<div style="padding:5px; border:1px solid #000000; background-color:#b3dbce; font-size:300%; font-weight:400; color: #000000; width:100%;">
 
Probability Distribution
 
Probability Distribution
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<div style="padding:5px; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:10px; background-color:#b3dbce; font-size:30%; font-weight:200; color: #000000; ">
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(Nature of a probability distribution, important distributions, comparing observed and simulated probability distributions, Kullback-Leibler divergence, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.)
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</div>
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<div class="keywords">
 
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<b>Keywords:</b>&nbsp;
 
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Nature of a probability distribution, integrals, important distributions, comparing observed and simulated probability distributions, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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{{Smallvspace}}
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__TOC__
 
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{{STUB}}
 
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<div style="padding:5px; border:1px solid #000000; background-color:#b3dbce33; font-size:85%;">
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<div style="font-size:118%;">
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<b>Abstract:</b><br />
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<section begin=abstract />
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Probability distributions are at the core of any statistical analysis, in which modelled distributions are compared with sampled distributions to relate an observation to our theoretical understanding. This unit introduces the principles, discusses Poisson, uniform, and normal distributions, and presents methods to compare distributions with each other and quantify the difference.
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<section end=abstract />
 
</div>
 
</div>
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<div id="ABC-unit-framework">
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<!-- ============================  -->
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== Abstract ==
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<hr>
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<!-- included from "../components/FND-STA-Probability_distribution.components.wtxt", section: "abstract" -->
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<table>
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...
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<tr>
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<td style="padding:10px;">
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{{Vspace}}
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<b>Objectives:</b><br />
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This unit will ...
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* ... introduce basic concepts of probability distributions;
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== This unit ... ==
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* ... demonstrate the Poisson, the uniform, and the normal distribution;
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=== Prerequisites ===
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* ... teach how to visually and quantitatively compare them.
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<!-- included from "../components/FND-STA-Probability_distribution.components.wtxt", section: "prerequisites" -->
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</td>
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<!-- included from "ABC-unit_components.wtxt", section: "notes-external_prerequisites" -->
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<td style="padding:10px;">
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You need the following preparation before beginning this unit. If you are not familiar with this material from courses you took previously, you need to prepare yourself from other information sources:
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<b>Outcomes:</b><br />
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<!-- included from "FND-prerequisites.wtxt", section: "calculus" -->
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After working through this unit you ...
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* ... can interpret observed events in terms of probability distributions;
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* ... are familar with the Poisson, the uniform, and the normal distribution;
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* ... can compare observed distributions against the normal distribution with <code>qqnorm()</code>.
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* ... can compare observed distributions against each other with <code>qqplot()</code>.
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* ... can use Kullback-Leibler divergence for discrete distributions, and <code>ks.test()</code> for continuous distributions to quantify differences.
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<!-- ============================ -->
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<hr>
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<b>Deliverables:</b><br />
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<section begin=deliverables />
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<li><b>Time management</b>: Before you begin, estimate how long it will take you to complete this unit. Then, record in your course journal: the number of hours you estimated, the number of hours you worked on the unit, and the amount of time that passed between start and completion of this unit.</li>
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<li><b>Journal</b>: Document your progress in your [[FND-Journal|Course Journal]]. Some tasks may ask you to include specific items in your journal. Don't overlook these.</li>
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<li><b>Insights</b>: If you find something particularly noteworthy about this unit, make a note in your [[ABC-Insights|'''insights!''' page]].</li>
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<section end=deliverables />
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<!-- ============================  -->
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<hr>
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<section begin=prerequisites />
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<b>Prerequisites:</b><br />
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You need the following preparation before beginning this unit. If you are not familiar with this material from courses you took previously, you need to prepare yourself from other information sources:<br />
 
*<b>Calculus</b>: functions and equations; polynomial functions, logarithms, trigonometric functions; integrals and derivatives; theorem and proof.
 
*<b>Calculus</b>: functions and equations; polynomial functions, logarithms, trigonometric functions; integrals and derivatives; theorem and proof.
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<!-- included from "ABC-unit_components.wtxt", section: "notes-prerequisites" -->
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This unit builds on material covered in the following prerequisite units:<br />
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You need to complete the following units before beginning this one:
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*[[FND-STA-Probability|FND-STA-Probability (Probability)]]
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*[[FND-STA-Probability]]
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<section end=prerequisites />
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<!-- ============================  -->
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</div>
  
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{{Smallvspace}}
  
  
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=== Objectives ===
 
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...
 
  
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=== Outcomes ===
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__TOC__
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<!-- included from "../components/FND-STA-Probability_distribution.components.wtxt", section: "outcomes" -->
 
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...
 
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=== Deliverables ===
 
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<!-- included from "../components/FND-STA-Probability_distribution.components.wtxt", section: "deliverables" -->
 
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<!-- included from "ABC-unit_components.wtxt", section: "deliverables-time_management" -->
 
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*<b>Time management</b>: Before you begin, estimate how long it will take you to complete this unit. Then, record in your course journal: the number of hours you estimated, the number of hours you worked on the unit, and the amount of time that passed between start and completion of this unit.
 
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<!-- included from "ABC-unit_components.wtxt", section: "deliverables-journal" -->
 
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*<b>Journal</b>: Document your progress in your [[FND-Journal|course journal]].
 
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<!-- included from "ABC-unit_components.wtxt", section: "deliverables-insights" -->
 
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*<b>Insights</b>: If you find something particularly noteworthy about this unit, make a note in your [[ABC-Insights|insights! page]].
 
  
 
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=== Evaluation ===
 
=== Evaluation ===
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<!-- included from "../components/FND-STA-Probability_distribution.components.wtxt", section: "evaluation" -->
 
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<!-- included from "ABC-unit_components.wtxt", section: "eval-none" -->
 
 
<b>Evaluation: NA</b><br />
 
<b>Evaluation: NA</b><br />
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:This unit is not evaluated for course marks.
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<div style="margin-left: 2rem;">This unit is not evaluated for course marks.</div>
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<div id="BIO">
 
 
== Contents ==
 
== Contents ==
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<!-- included from "../components/FND-STA-Probability_distribution.components.wtxt", section: "contents" -->
 
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...
 
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== Further reading, links and resources ==
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{{ABC-unit|FND-STA-Probability_distribution.R}}
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<!-- {{#pmid: 19957275}} -->
 
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<!-- <div class="reference-box">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]</div> -->
 
  
 
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== Notes ==
 
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<!-- included from "../components/FND-STA-Probability_distribution.components.wtxt", section: "notes" -->
 
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<references />
 
  
 
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== Self-evaluation ==
 
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<!-- included from "../components/FND-STA-Probability_distribution.components.wtxt", section: "self-evaluation" -->
 
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<!--
 
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=== Question 1===
 
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Question ...
 
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<b>If in doubt, ask!</b> If anything about this learning unit is not clear to you, do not proceed blindly but ask for clarification. Post your question on the course mailing list: others are likely to have similar problems. Or send an email to your instructor.
 
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:2017-08-05
 
:2017-08-05
 
<b>Modified:</b><br />
 
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:2017-08-05
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:2020-09-22
 
<b>Version:</b><br />
 
<b>Version:</b><br />
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:0.1
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:1.0.01
 
<b>Version history:</b><br />
 
<b>Version history:</b><br />
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*0.1 First stub
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*1.0.1 2020 Maintenance
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*1.0 New material
 
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[[Category:ABC-units]]
 
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[[Category:ABC-units]]
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Latest revision as of 05:20, 23 September 2020

Probability Distribution

(Nature of a probability distribution, important distributions, comparing observed and simulated probability distributions, Kullback-Leibler divergence, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.)


 


Abstract:

Probability distributions are at the core of any statistical analysis, in which modelled distributions are compared with sampled distributions to relate an observation to our theoretical understanding. This unit introduces the principles, discusses Poisson, uniform, and normal distributions, and presents methods to compare distributions with each other and quantify the difference.

Objectives:
This unit will ...

  • ... introduce basic concepts of probability distributions;
  • ... demonstrate the Poisson, the uniform, and the normal distribution;
  • ... teach how to visually and quantitatively compare them.

Outcomes:
After working through this unit you ...

  • ... can interpret observed events in terms of probability distributions;
  • ... are familar with the Poisson, the uniform, and the normal distribution;
  • ... can compare observed distributions against the normal distribution with qqnorm().
  • ... can compare observed distributions against each other with qqplot().
  • ... can use Kullback-Leibler divergence for discrete distributions, and ks.test() for continuous distributions to quantify differences.

Deliverables:

  • Time management: Before you begin, estimate how long it will take you to complete this unit. Then, record in your course journal: the number of hours you estimated, the number of hours you worked on the unit, and the amount of time that passed between start and completion of this unit.
  • Journal: Document your progress in your Course Journal. Some tasks may ask you to include specific items in your journal. Don't overlook these.
  • Insights: If you find something particularly noteworthy about this unit, make a note in your insights! page.

    • Prerequisites:
    You need the following preparation before beginning this unit. If you are not familiar with this material from courses you took previously, you need to prepare yourself from other information sources:

    • Calculus: functions and equations; polynomial functions, logarithms, trigonometric functions; integrals and derivatives; theorem and proof.

    This unit builds on material covered in the following prerequisite units:


     



     



     


    Evaluation

    Evaluation: NA

    This unit is not evaluated for course marks.

    Contents

     

    Task:

     
    • Open RStudio and load the ABC-units R project. If you have loaded it before, choose File → Recent projects → ABC-Units. If you have not loaded it before, follow the instructions in the RPR-Introduction unit.
    • Choose Tools → Version Control → Pull Branches to fetch the most recent version of the project from its GitHub repository with all changes and bug fixes included.
    • Type init() if requested.
    • Open the file FND-STA-Probability_distribution.R and follow the instructions.


     

    Note: take care that you understand all of the code in the script. Evaluation in this course is cumulative and you may be asked to explain any part of code.


     


     


     


    About ...
     
    Author:

    Boris Steipe <boris.steipe@utoronto.ca>

    Created:

    2017-08-05

    Modified:

    2020-09-22

    Version:

    1.0.01

    Version history:

    • 1.0.1 2020 Maintenance
    • 1.0 New material

    CreativeCommonsBy.png This copyrighted material is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Follow the link to learn more.

    Retrieved from "http://steipe.biochemistry.utoronto.ca/abc/index.php?title=FND-STA-Probability_distribution&oldid=11606"